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Redakcijos nuomonë nebûtinai sutampa su straipsniø autoriø nuomone. Redakcija uþ reklamos turiná ir kalbà neatsako. Visi þurnale minimi vaistai turi bûti vartojami, atsiþvelgiant á naujausià vaistø vartojimo informacijà. Visos ar bet kurios þurnale spausdinamos medþiagos dalies dauginimui ir platinimui bet kokia forma ir priemonëmis ne asmeniniams tikslams bûtinas raðtiðkas leidëjo sutikimas. Maketavo V. Viluèio ámonë 03 Liutkevièienë R. Davainis L. Slavinskaitë A.

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Rotomskis A. Savickas R. Rimðienë J. Skirmantaitë I. Matusevièiûtë A.

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Ðablauskas K. Banevièius M. Praninskienë R. Static visual acuity is the ability to see clearly in a nonmoving position and looking at a nonmoving object. Static visual acuity test measures impairments in visual resolution that can be caused by blurring of the retinal image, neural beck bennett svorio metimas disorders, or damage to neurons in the retina or other parts of the visual pathway. Dynamic visual acuity refers to the ability to resolve a target visually when there is relative motion between the target and the observer.

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Currently, dynamic visual acuity is mainly applied to investigate visual function related to elite sportsmen performance and driving safety. Dynamic vision is becoming an essential part of studies on the effects of aging on vision. It has been confirmed that there is severe degradation in dynamic beck bennett svorio metimas acuity performance with increasing age after approximately the fourth decade of beck bennett svorio metimas. In clinical medicine, dynamic visual acuity has not been widely used.

In this article, we review static and dynamic visual acuity assessment tests ant their value in ophthalmological practice. Keywords: static visual acuity, dynamic visual acuity, ophthalmology. Visual acuity is the simplest method, which is most commonly used by ophthalmologists to examine the function of vision. Static visual acuity SVA is the ability to see clearly in a nonmoving position and looking at a nonmoving object. SVA tests measure impairments in visual resolution that can be caused by blurring of the retinal image, neural processing disorders, or damage to neurons Address: Rasa Liutkevièienë Eiveniø str.

Optical and neuron degenerative changes of visual system that influence the steady decrease of visual acuity are observed from approximately 40 years of age [2]. Additionally, beck bennett svorio metimas miosis is developing, the eye lenses are becoming less clear, stiffer, and the accommodation and convergence reserves are starting to decrease [2].

These changes reduce the access of light to the retina. It is estimated that more than million people in the U. The number of people with vision impairment from age-related eye disease is expected to double in the next three decades [3].

Liutkevièienë, I. Ulozienë, M. Ðileikaitë, M. Marozas, V.

Marozas, S. Stanaitis, V.

A number of studies analyzing DVA showed that dynamic acuity declines with age or progression of eye diseases [4, 5]. DVA is becoming an essential part of studies on the effects of beck bennett svorio metimas on vision. It has been confirmed that there is severe degradation in DVA with increasing age after approximately the fourth decade of life. In this article, we provide the latest literature review about the assessment of static and dynamic visual acuity ant their value in ophthalmological practice.

The visual world in which we live contains both static and dynamic components [6]. As such, the visual system has developed to respond to a wide variety of stimuli [6]. In clinical practice doctors pay attention to foveal visual acuity. SVA is the ability to see clearly in a nonmoving position and looking at a nonmoving object.

Beck bennett svorio metimas declines rapidly with increasing eccentricity from the fovea in a symmetrical fashion in both the nasal and temporal visual fields out to an eccentricity of approximately [7]. Beyond this, SVA is better in the temporal visual field than in the nasal visual field [7].

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These differences have been attributed to lateral asymmetry of retinal ganglion cells beyond the optic nerve head [8]. SVA test measures impairments in visual resolution that can be caused by blurring of the retinal image, neural processing disorders, or damage to neurons in the retina beck bennett svorio metimas other parts of the visual pathway [8].

An optotype chart, which contains 12 rows of signs letters, numbers, rings with a gap, drawings of various objects from 0. The Snellen chart provides limited information about functional vision [9].

The test is administered in a standardized way, using visual acuity optotypes illuminated on a light box, resulting in quantitative visual acuity test results. Since visual acuity is defined by the angle under which letters are viewed, its measurement can be done at any distance, provided that the scale is adjusted for the distance used.

When a letter chart is used as a target for subjective refraction, the viewing distance is important, because beck bennett svorio metimas longer the viewing distance, the more accommodation will be relaxed. As soon as the Treaty of the Meter was signed he converted to metric distances and made charts for 5 meter more convenient with the decimal system and 6 meter closer to 20 feet.

These distances have the advantage that they relax accommodation and that small forward movements of the patient have a negligible influence. After Snellen, many variations in size se quences, chart lay out and designs of the optotypes were made.

Beck bennett svorio metimas are the obvious first choice for adults. Many different letter sets have been used. They are designed on the same 5×5 grid on which Snellen designed his letters. Numbers are the beck bennett svorio metimas choice for adults. Even illiterate adults can often recognize numbers. Non-speaking adults can indicate the number seen with simple finger signs. PV numbers are designed on a five and five grid for young children and have been calibrated against Sloan letters.

Tumbling E can be used for young children. It is the optotype of choice for many studies in the developing world. Landolt C are often used in research studies, but have found limited application in clinical practice in the US. Tumbling E and Landolt C offer four alternative directions; a prerequisite is that the subject can duplicate this direction, which may be a problem for children with a young developmental age.

Children who are too shy to respond verbally, can be asked to match the letter or optotype to one of four flash cards in front of them.

For some this is easier than indicating a direction. HOTV charts also offer only four choices. Numerous picture cards have been designed. A problem is that not all children are equally familiar with all pictures and that many picture sets have uneven difficulty. Most pictures cannot be designed on a 5×5 grid. Patti Pictures are stylized pictures designed by Precision Vision on the basis of the 5×5 Snellen grid and calibrated for equal recognizability against Sloan letters [13].

Visual-vestibular interaction VVI is essential for retinal image stability during movement to optimize visual performance [14]. Damage to semicircular canals and otolith organs causes impaired visual acuity during head rotation; impaired balance and postural control; and symptoms of vertigo, falling, nausea and disorientation [15, 16].

Dynamic beck bennett svorio metimas acuity is characterized with the threshold of visual resolution assessed during relative motion, and is a performance measure of VVI.

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DVA refers to the ability to resolve a target visually when there is relative motion between the target and the observer [17, 18]. Based on current research, the observer must rely on saccades and smooth yra plekšnė, naudojama svorio metimui to maintain foveal fixation on the image [17].

DVA signal is then transmitted by the magnocellular pathway [19].

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Relying on these mechanisms, DVA is a relatively independent visual parameter and is different from static visual acuity [20]. Dynamic visual acuity has been correlated with athletic abilities, aviator spatial orientation, driving frequency in the elderly [14—16], and driving safety [21], contribute to the difficulty in performing of everyday tasks, such as walking [22].

In ophthalmological practice, DVA is not widely used.

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DVA is tested when the patients read the visual acuity chart while they rotate their head from side to side at 1—2 cycles per second. An abnormal response, indicating vestibular dysfunction, is suggested if there is a decrement of more than 2 lines on the visual acuity chart.

There are several limitations of the bedside Dynamic Illegible E test [23]. The eye chart can be memorized during the test or on repeated testing when the letters are present even when the head is not moving, allowing the subject to view them and memorize them.

The conventional eye charts are scored as the visual acuity line. This is very difficult to score and analyze statistically. Eye charts used at close distance may invoke disconjugate eye movements.

Velocity and frequency are not always well controlled or quantified with either passive operator generated or active subject generated head movements [23]. A combination of dynamic and static visual evaluations might be an optimal method for detailed visual function assessment [26]. According to theories of dynamic vision, marginal artifacts of the retinal image, which are named retinal smear, have been identified as the cause for decreases in visual acuity with increasing target velocities [27].

With age-related cataract, interaction with light includes occlusive effects and scattering effects, which result in a blurred image on the retina.